Primitive cases of NPM1-mutated AML had a significantly higher abundance of immunophenotypic clusters 3 and 8, which were phenotypically primitive, consisting of CD34+ CD38lo (3) or CD34− CD38lo (8) cells that expressed low levels of myelomonocytic differentiation markers (Fig. 4C, D, Supplementary Fig. 21). Here, NPM1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.