TNF and gestational diabetes: Obese women have higher levels of cord blood tumour necrosis factor α (TNF- α) and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted upon uptake) during pregnancy, which are known contributors to gestational diabetes mellitus and associated with an increased risk of LGA27, whilst LGA was associated with the increased risk of caesarean delivery, shoulder dystocia28, and stillbirth29.