TNF and atherosclerosis: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed comparable results, with the most significant KEGG terms associated with atherosclerosis being cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, Jak–STAT signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, chemokine signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, fat digestion and absorption, PPAR signaling pathway and TLR signaling pathway (Figure 5C, 5D and Table 4).