Analyses for non-COVID-19 mortality in the same period showed independent associations with age, male sex, renting, being unemployed, ever smoking, never drinking, cystatin C, history of taking ACEi, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular, autoimmune and respiratory diseases (Supplementary Figure 3, Supplementary Table 4B), and inversely with ethnicity other than Black or White, earning 31,000–51,999 GBP, cholesterol, vitamin D, and history of statin use. This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and COVID-19.