In addition, cytokine biomarkers for tuberculosis often vary between species; for example, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRA) are available for African wild dogs, white rhinoceroses, and African buffaloes, but CXCL9 and CXCL10 gene expression assays are used as diagnostic assays for African lion, cheetah, and common warthog (43, 65, 69, 73). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and tuberculosis.