However, other upregulated TFs in SARS-CoV-2 infection TRIM25 (Martín-Vicente et al., 2017), SMAD3 (Qing et al., 2004), STAT1, IRF7, and IRF9 (Chiang and Liu, 2019) might play a role in the antiviral immunity upon infection. Here, IRF9 is linked to infection.