INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Variants in other autoantigens, such as those targeting pre-proinsulin, β-cell specific zinc transporter 8, insulinoma-associated antigen 2, the insulin gene, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein-4, and the interleukin-2 receptor are also known to contribute to the susceptibility of T1DM (9, 11, 12).