TNF and breast cancer: In many studies, TNFα has directly induced stemness, EMT, and migration in BC cells and in non-transformed breast epithelial cells; in this regard, TNFα acted when it was used alone or when it was joined by other TME factors that often potentiated its activities, such as the EMT-inducer transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) or estrogen + epidermal growth factor (EGF) (40, 62, 63, 77–88).