ICAM1 and neoplasm: In particular, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in association with other pro-angiogenic determinants in the tumor microenvironment (TME), may down-regulate intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), repress T cell trafficking and dendritic cell (DC) maturation (77, 89).