ENO3 and cancer: ENO1 is one of three enolase isoforms encoded by different genes: ENO1, expressed in most human tissues and upregulated in cancer cells; gamma-enolase (ENO2), expressed in neuronal cells and neuroendocrine differentiated tumors; and beta-enolase (ENO3), expressed in muscles (Pancholi, 2001; Isgrò et al., 2015; Ji et al., 2016).