As most preclinical animal studies indicate that CD40 agonist (38–41) or anti-PD-L1 (23) requires T cells for antitumor activity, the apparent success of this ongoing clinical trial supports that endogenous tumor-reactive T cells are present in a subset of PDA patients, despite a relatively low TMB, and can be beneficial for treating advanced disease. This evidence concerns the gene CD40 and neoplasm.