TNF and ovarian cancer: There are significantly increased levels of Th1-polarizing chemokines and cytokines such as IL-12, IL-1Rα, TNF-α after DC vaccine treatment of ovarian cancer patients, while Th2-priming cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL13 are at low levels suggesting that DC vaccines elicit a Th-1 antitumor effect (58).