Infections with bacteria or viruses as well as translocation of bacterial components like Lipopolysaccharide from the intestine can induce all IFN types in hepatocytes (type I and III IFN), or in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, in innate immune cells like macrophages (type I and II IFN) via TLR signaling (5, 17, 18). The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is infection.