Overall, it will be important to establish how IGF-1 signals and IGF-1R activity support mitochondrial function in normal cells and in phenotypically distinct cancer cells, and whether an essential component of these signals is to maintain a healthy pool of mitochondria that would prevent cancer aggressiveness that is associated with hypoxia, mitochondria dysfunction and an accumulation of cellular ROS. The gene discussed is IGF1R; the disease is cancer.