Biased signaling has been assessed in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing either the rat (rM1) or human (hM1) mAChRs, OC-033 mouse tumor cell lines or Sprague-Dawley rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. The gene discussed is TIPARP; the disease is neoplasm.