In addition, p-β-catenin/p-Smad2 complexes were also found in the lung tissues of patients with PF (Kim et al., 2009), while Wnt3a/β-catenin/GSK-3β were mainly localized in alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells (Konigshoff et al., 2008). The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is pemphigus foliaceus.