MAF and inflammatory bowel disease: Despite minimal research on the Tfr/Tfh ratio in patients with IBD, some scholars (Ozaki et al., 2002; Eto et al., 2011) reported that changes in the levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in the local microenvironment of IBD might be involved in the differentiation of Tfh cells and the abnormal expression of transcription factors such as Bcl-6 and c-MAF.