IL (Madrid, Spain) presented that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has both protective (ischemic tolerance) and damaging (acute ischemia) roles in cerebral ischemia, including hemorrhagic transformation (Pradillo et al., 2009; Vartanian et al., 2011; García-Culebras et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and brain ischemia.