TNF and hereditary elliptocytosis: High levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 have been found in HE patients (Jayakumar et al., 2015), with some studies finding microgliosis in the brains of acute HE patients (Jiang et al., 2009; Dennis et al., 2013) and others reporting changes to both acute and chronic HE (Jayakumar et al., 2015).