Other rat HE models show that an increased ammonium concentration induces the release of proinflammatory molecules, such as IL-1β and IL-6, pro-inflammatory cytokines which carry out the following: the modification of GABAa and GluRI expression (Wang et al., 2012); the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (Brett et al., 1995); the alteration of LPT (Murray and Lynch, 1998; Hoshino et al., 2017); the promotion of microgliosis (Chiang et al., 1994) and astrocytosis (Brunello et al., 2000); and, the deterioration of learning and spatial memory (Figure 7; Moore et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). Here, IL1B is linked to hereditary elliptocytosis.