To further determine whether the activation of PFKFB3 is associated with HIF1α signaling in HF, we performed immunohistochemical staining for PFKFB3 in heart sections from NHPs (Fig. 4f, g) and assessed the mRNA (Fig. 4h) and protein levels (Fig. 4i, j) of PFKFB3, which were also significantly increased in the hearts of NHPs with HF expressing high levels of HIF1α. Here, PFKFB3 is linked to hydrops fetalis.