DCC and cancer: At stage 1, LIMD1, RAP1A and DAB2IP had negative network effects on gene up-expression in early cancer, while SASH1, CBFA2T3, LATS2, RECK, FOXP1 and DCC had positive network effects on gene down-expression, in other words, down-expression of these 6 TS genes resulted in or associated with down-expression of genes in early cancer.