CD274 and cancer: Aside from stemness, PD-L1 also directly regulated cell proliferation and death to modulate drug resistance in cancer cells, and recent data suggested that there existed a tumor-intrinsic PD-L1-NLRP3 signaling pathway in tumor cells [38], based on this, as shown in Fig. 5, our further experiments validated that silencing of PD-L1 activated NLRP3 mediated pyroptosis in cisplatin treated CR-GC cells.