ATAD1 and infection: Of the 236 plasma samples from individuals with confirmed malaria infection, 181 were from P. falciparum infections, 4 were from P. malariae, 13 were from P. ovale, and 38 were from P. vivax. Regardless of the Plasmodium species responsible for infection, a large proportion of plasma from malaria-infected individuals provided a high assay signal to the PvRMC-MSP1 protein (Fig. 5), with only P. falciparum-infected individuals failing to have more than 50% of infected individuals with high responses to PvRMC-MSP1.