Increase in the production of both pro-inflammatory (IFNγ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL12p70, TNFα, and LTα) and anti-inflammatory (IL10) cytokines in PBMCs were reported in O. viverrini-associated human CCA compared to uninfected control [28]. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and cholangiocarcinoma.