PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Lately, some studies have reported that anti-PD-1/PD-L1 is effective against melanoma,3, 4, 5 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC),4,5 renal cancer,5,6 Hodgkin lymphoma,5,7,8 etc. However, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitory therapy is not as high as expected in several types of cancers.