CCL2 and neoplasm: Hypoxia-regulated genes mediate blood vessel formation by stimulating encoding of chemotactic molecules such as CCL2, interleukin-8 (IL8), and VEGF that recruit macrophages and exert tumor-promoting effects such as angiogenesis.68, 69, 70 Our results are in agreement with the above-mentioned studies given macrophage activation and angiogenesis, as confirmed by the biological processes of treated spheres (Figure 6).