As a consequence of oncolytic cell death, cancer cells also release viral PAMPS and additional ICD-hallmarks (DAMPs; for example, heat shock proteins, HMGB1, CRT, ATP and uric acid) and cytokines (e.g., type I IFNs, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IFNγ and interleukin‐12), which promote the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as DCs (Figure 3). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.