IL1B and Insulin resistance: Studies show that HFD-induced obesity increases expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) (Almeida-Suhett et al., 2017) and induces insulin resistance in the amygdala through increased activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) (Castro et al., 2013).