Previous studies have shown that Cyr61 is elevated in patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) compared to patients with non-STEMI35, patients with acute coronary syndromes compared to patients with stable angina or patients without coronary artery disease27, patients hospitalized with acute heart failure compared to age and gender matched controls36 and patients with idiopathic or connective tissue associated pulmonary arterial hypertension compared to age, gender and disease state matched controls28. Here, CCN1 is linked to acute coronary syndrome.