However, their exact contribution for activation of different macrophage phenotypes is still controversial.57–61 Interestingly, T. whipplei infection is associated with Th2-biased immune responses, including alternative activation/M2 polarization of macrophages.11,14 Compared to Gal-3, Gal-1 expression is higher after in vitro infection but also in the serum from patients. This evidence concerns the gene LGALS1 and infection.