LPS and IL-4 are established stimulators in vitro for phagocytic pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively, and widely used in vitro to mimic inflammatory insults in cerebral ischemia in vivo [52,53,54,55]; this was reflected by our IRF translocation data (Figure 3) showing that OGD + LPS induced higher p-IRF5 ratio in the nucleus over cytoplasm than controls, whereas OGD + IL-4 induces higher p-IRF4 ratio. This evidence concerns the gene IRF5 and brain ischemia.