TNF and inflammatory response: Furthermore, it is well known that during type 2 diabetes, the hyperglycemic condition leads to vascular endothelial inflammation through the activation of NFκB which increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukins like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [11].