Given that IL-10 suppresses TNF-α, this might, in part, explain the rather disease-triggering effects observed in α-IL-10R-treated NZB/W F1 animals with beginning lupus in our study compared to the contrasting effects of α-IL-10 treatment started at an early age reported by Ishida et al. [48]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus.