ERK5 increased 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL2, IL-1α, IL-1β, and COX-2 transcription in neoplastic epidermis, indicating its role in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment [87]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and neoplasm.