VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Currently, diabetes management goes beyond glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test because it does not take into account fluctuations in blood glucose levels known as glycemic variability (GV) which has been shown to have deleterious effects associated with endothelial dysfunction, characterized by increased expression of adhesion (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and proinflammatory molecules (IL-8, NF-κB) [153,154,159].