Moreover, in addition to proposed catecholamine synthesis induced by the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment or even neurodifferentiated prostate cells themselves, the microenvironment of prostate cancer cells may also represent a source of neuropeptide secretions including neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, orexins and others which may also have direct impact on prostate cancer progression. Here, VIP is linked to prostate carcinoma.