VIP and Familial prostate cancer: Moreover, in addition to proposed catecholamine synthesis induced by the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment or even neurodifferentiated prostate cells themselves, the microenvironment of prostate cancer cells may also represent a source of neuropeptide secretions including neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, orexins and others which may also have direct impact on prostate cancer progression.