INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: While type 1 diabetes (T1DM), also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, T2DM, also called insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, is caused by insulin resistance (IR) in tissues (mainly adipose tissue, liver and muscle) followed by a failure of β-cells to compensate for this [1].