VIP and Parkinson disease: VIP also participates in the pathophysiology of PD.110 It has crucial activities against PD: not only is it neurotrophic,antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, but also it counteractsmotor deficits.111 The VIP exhibited neuroprotectiveactivity in a rat model of PD.112 Therefore,it is proposed that VIP may also be useful for therapeutics for PDpatients.