CXCL11 and inflammatory bowel disease: So far, there have been mixed results in clinical trials such as blocking the chemokine CCR937 or targeting CXCL10 (using eldelumab) in a phase IIa clinical trial; after promising results in animal studies, the results were inconclusive but suggested a modest benefit in a subgroup of patients.38 Our data show that intestinal macrophages in IBD overexpress CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and other activating molecules, suggesting that manipulating macrophages could be an alternative therapeutic approach to reducing inflammation and infiltration of T cells.