TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: NF-κB moves into the nucleus to enhance the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, etc. Then, these pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the pro-inflammatory shift of macrophages (M1 phenotype) and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, causing macrophage infiltration and inflammation in renal tissues, which accelerates the DN progression (Sierra-Mondragon et al., 2018).