TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Recently, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of CKD show that TGF-β is positively or negatively regulated by several miRNAs (such as miR-1908, miR-192, and the miR-141/200 cluster) that consequently amplify or reduce the TGF-β signal to further promote or alleviate diabetic renal inflammation (Kato et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2015).