INS and depressive symptom measurement: Curcumin has been reported to enhance insulin sensitivity and increase the hepatic glycogen content by upregulating the phosphorylation of IRS-1 and AKT and inhibiting GSK-3β in rats with depression complicated by insulin resistance using a 12-week exposure to chronic mild stress, which were conducive to reversing the metabolic abnormalities and depressive-like behaviors (Shen et al., 2017).