INS and depressive symptom measurement: For instance, the elevated release of ROS, a characteristic of oxidative stress, not only causes direct damage to the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells but also results in inflammatory processes, immune activation, increased oxidation of monoaminergic neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation, all of which correlate with DM and depression (Gerber and Rutter, 2017; Forrester et al., 2018; Reus et al., 2019).