Endogenous and exogenously administered MSCs migrate towards tumours and sites of ischaemia and inflammation in response to a range of signalling molecules including the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), through interaction with its cognate receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR-4), which is expressed on the surface of MSCs55–58. Here, CXCL12 is linked to neoplasm.