The causes of osteomalacia may be identified in underlying mechanisms such as vitamin D deficiency/resistance, vitamin D-independent low calcium serum levels, hypophosphatemic diseases, mineralization impairment due to aluminum toxicity (antacids, dialysis fluid), fluorosis (i.e., endemic fluorosis from borehole water) iron (in dialysis patients, or patients with FGF23 mediated hypophosphatemia), etidronate overdose (in Paget’s disease), or environmental intoxication with cadmium [58]. Here, FGF23 is linked to dental fluorosis.