The expansion of CD4+CD28- T-cells in HCMV-positive/ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients, expressing a Th1 phenotype, with high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α production and co-expression of different endothelial homing markers [96], further corroborates the role of HCMV in inducing AD-related vascular damage. Here, CD28 is linked to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.