Treg cells can release TGF-β, CD25, and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) to participate in immune regulation [131,138], while TGF-β and IL-6 co-induce CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th17, which is involved in inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases [139]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to autoimmune disease.