In summary, this study highlighted the effect of HDAC1/miR-124-5p/NPY axis in depression with the major findings suggesting inhibited miR-124-5p or suppressed HDAC1 attenuated learning and memory abilities, increased body weight, suppressed oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as promoted neurotransmitter expression in depressed rats. This evidence concerns the gene HDAC1 and major depressive disorder.