In a previous study, PD-L1 and vimentin expression increased in the pancreatic cancer cell lines compared to the control samples (Song et al., 2014[22]) and another study also showed that in lung cancer clinical samples, overexpression of PD-L1 leads to overexpression of vimentin as well (Shimoji et al., 2016[21]). This evidence concerns the gene VIM and lung cancer.