This early pulse of VopQ-dependent ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in MEFs is distinct from the previously reported VopQ-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells at late infection time points, 3 to 4 h postinfection, as those assays were performed with V. parahaemolyticus strains that encoded functional T3SS1, T3SS2, and TdhAS hemolysins (21). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and infection.