HIV-1 infection was previously reported to stimulate type I IFN production through the IRF pathway [20, 36, 37], which we show is potentiated by Vpx, thus it remains possible that NF-κB responses are impaired in the presence of infection with Vpx, whereas the IRF3/IRF7 signaling remains active. Here, NFKB1 is linked to HIV-1 infection.