In particular the main factor are reduction of sex hormone levels, reduction of growth hormone levels, increased production of cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha), alteration of the cellular redox-status, neuromuscular changes, physical inactivity, and malnutrition [43,44]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and malnutrition.